International Law & Trade Law & Lawyers

International Law & Trade Law & Lawyers News

News, Updates and further information - International Law & Trade Law & Lawyers

International trade law includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries. However, it is also used in legal writings as trade between private sectors, which is not right. This branch of law is now an independent field of study as most governments has become part of the world trade, as members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since the transaction between private sectors of different countries is important part of the WTO activities, this latter branch of law is now very important part of the academic works and is under study in many universities across the world.

International trade law should be distinguished from the broader field of international economic law. The latter could be said to encompass not only WTO law, but also law governing the international monetary system and currency regulation, as well as the law of international development.

The body of rules for transnational trade in the 21st century derives from medieval commercial laws called the lex mercatoria and lex maritima — respectively, "the law for merchants on land" and "the law for merchants on sea." Modern trade law (extending beyond bilateral treaties) began shortly after the Second World War, with the negotiation of a multilateral treaty to deal with trade in goods: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

International trade law is based on theories of economic liberalism developed in Europe and later the United States from the 18th century onwards.

Dispute settlementMost prominent in the area of dispute settlement in international trade law is the WTO dispute settlement system. The WTO dispute settlement body is operational since 1995 and has been very active since then with 369 cases in the time between 1 January 1995 and 1 December 2007.[1] Nearly a quarter of disputes reached an amicable solution, in other cases the parties to the dispute resorted to adjudication. The WTO dispute settlement body has exclusive and compulsory jurisdiction over disputes on WTO law (Article 23.1 Dispute Settlement Understanding).

Sources of International Law – The Place of Treaties

Traditionally, the sources of international law are regarded as being listed in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

These are:

International Conventions whether general or particular establishing rules expressly recognized by 'the contesting states';
International custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
The general principles of law recognised by civilised nations; and
Judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations (as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law).
Nowadays, the term ‘convention’ is assumed to be referring to a multilateral treaty; but at the time Article 38 of the UN Charter was drafted ‘convention’ denoted any sort of treaty: bilateral, plurilateral or multilateral. And in the context of Article 38 it still has this meaning.

Since WWII, treaties have assumed a clear prominence as the primary source of law-making on the international plane. Especially multilateral treaties.

Even so, international tribunals have clarified customary international law in ways which have developed the legal principles governing the law applying to treaties. For example, the International Court of Justice has done a lot to clarify the general rules for the interpretation of treaties.

With the increased focus on relations between States that comes with globalisation, there has been greater pressure and demand to codify rules obtaining between those States.

This codification has been done mainly through treaties because they are a relatively simple, clear and quick way of crystallizing existing international rules and developing new ones.

Indeed, it is now commonplace for legal scholars to classify those treaties which lay down universal (or even fairly general) rules governing international society as 'law-making' or 'normative' treaties. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1898 and 1907 are often cited not only as a watershed in the institutionalisation of international co-operation, but also as the first major international ‘law-making’ conferences.

So-called ‘normative treaties’ are:

characterised metaphorically as 'international legislation', and
extolled as necessary to accommodate the urgent dynamics that are transforming international relations.
Multilateral treaties – because they have a larger number of parties - are more effective than bilateral treaties in codifying international law.

In negotiating multilateral treaties its parties often try to address the subject matter of the treaties as comprehensively as possible.

Of course, States negotiating these agreements often have different or conflicting interests; so the final multilateral treaty text may not fully reflect the views and positions of all the States which negotiated it.

You can imagine how difficult it is to try and achieve conformity of views and approaches in relation to a multilateral instrument that is intended to be comprehensive – even where the instrument’s subject matter is relatively narrow.

Even if you can settle the text of a law-making treaty you then face the risk that it may conflict with other law-making treaties. And the legal principles for resolving these conflicts may prove – in particular cases – to be anything but clear and simple.

There are many examples of law-making treaties.

A classic case is the Law of the Sea Convention, which took nearly a decade to negotiate.

This Convention:

codifies the international law applying to the oceans and seas      
develops international law
provides an invaluable source of the law relating to those aspects of the law of the sea which took its parties so long to negotiate, and
is, by and large, extremely clear and explicit - even if there are some provisions that are ambiguous.
Another example of a codifying or 'normative' instrument is the Statute of the International Criminal Court (or ‘Rome Statute’).

The Rome Statute is regarded by some as the most important multilateral instrument negotiated in the last decade of the twentieth century.

The Statute codifies international law regarding war crimes and other crimes against humanity.
During the negotiation of the Statute momentum developed to create a comprehensive regime on such criminal law.
This was premised on certain customary international law norms having achieved such broad acceptance internationally that they could be enshrined in a formal document which would be generally acceptable as binding to a large number of States.

The Statute illustrates how a treaty can not only crystallize putative customary international norms as conventional law, but also further develop such norms and related standards.

Of course, the outcomes of treaty negotiations are not always so exemplary. Negotiating States may refuse to adopt an international norm in a treaty because it does not suit their interests or because they sincerely believe that the norm does not represent customary international law.

In such cases you may get straightforward compromises; or you may get (what diplomats call) 'constructive ambiguity' where the meaning of the settled text is not clear.

This ambiguity allows the parties to interpret the treaty provisions in the way that most suits their interests. This may not sound like much of a solution, but often - with diplomats - 'half of something is better than a lot of nothing'.   A 'fuzzy' treaty is better than none at all.

The Antarctic Treaty is an archetype of such a ‘treaty’ solution.  During the 1950’s a ‘tacit agreement’ developed between certain states which were active in Antarctica.  (It was called an ‘gentleman’s agreement’ in the sexist terminology of the times.) Under this agreement states would not try to advance or enhance claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica.

Arguably (although I would not want to argue this) the gentleman’s agreement constituted customary regional international law which was legally binding. However, it was not at all clear that the parties to this tacit agreement regarded their agreement as legally binding.  Contrariwise, there had been many acrid territorial disputes over Antarctica, which the gentleman’s agreement had put a lid on. There was no optimism that this lid would stay on. And, if the lid blew off – with the parties terminating their tacit agreement – the consequences could have been quite grave. There were even fears of armed conflict between Argentina and the UK over their territorial disputes.

So, Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty addressed the problem by providing that: ‘No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica …’ should be asserted while the Treaty was in force. This meant – in theory – that claims to Antarctica could neither be improved nor worsened. [4]

Article IV did not resolve the problem of competing claims to sovereignty in Antarctica. Indeed, it was depicted as the ‘non-solution of a problem that could never be swept completely under the carpet’. [5] However, the Treaty has undoubtedly promoted stability in the international politics of Antarctica. Moreover, what was originally regarded as a modus vivendi (that is an interim arrangement which stays in place till a legal solution is reached) now - with the passage of time - looks increasingly like it will bed down a permanent, legal status quo.

It is even being argued that the Antarctic Treaty has created an objective legal regime which is binding on all states irrespective of whether or not they are parties to the Treaty.  (In much the same way as a bilateral treaty which changes borders between countries is regarded as objectively binding on all states.)

Just as interesting is the fact that a whole legal regime has sprung up from the fountainhead of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty. This article provides that parties carrying out scientific research may - by consensus - recommend measures which further the objectives of the Antarctic Treaty. Article IX does not provide any measure adopted pursuant to it is legally binding; but the practice of the parties to the Antarctic Treaty shows that they normally regard such measures as legally binding. From 1961 to 1995 over 200 measures were promulgated under this provision regarding (among other things) environmental protection, telecommunications, tourism and mining. [6] A treaty that was once disdained as a ‘non-solution’ has proven to be the solid foundation for an exemplary international legal regime.

There was also criticism of the Antarctic treaty regarding the vagueness of its terms. For example, the term ‘territorial sovereignty’ is ambiguous. Lawyers could argue over whether claims to the territorial sea or the straight baselines adjacent to Antarctic territory are prohibited by Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty.

Sovereignty and Treaties

A common refrain popularly espoused about treaties is that they surrender national sovereignty, and therefore represent a threat to Australia's national interest.

Ironically, the right to enter into a treaty - and to be legally bound by it - is a vital aspect of any nation's sovereignty. Without that right, a nation could not take its place in the civil society of nations.

So the place of Australian treaties is to serve the national interest by continually developing international law. The question we should be asking is not whether the treaty surrenders sovereignty; the real question we should be asking is whether - in entering into a treaty - enough consideration has been given to the rights and obligations and the costs and benefits arising from that treaty action.

The resounding answer to that question - as far as Australia is concerned is: yes - it has.

Australia will not become Party to a treaty lightly.

Australia's decisions to enter into treaties are only taken after widespread consultations and deliberations.
These deliberations include scrutiny of treaty actions by the parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Treaties aided by the institution of National Interest Analysis statements.
So treaties cannot now be depicted (like they were in the past) as being - in many cases - a convenient pretext which allows faceless bureaucrats to usurp Australia's sovereignty.

Consequently, treaties are an increasingly vital means of turning our interdependence with other nations to good - and better - advantage; of developing international law properly; and therefore - most importantly - of serving Australia's national interest.

Courts & tribunals and their decisions
Australia
Project on International Courts and Tribunals Synoptic Chart
A compendium of all international judicial bodies provides a contexual overview of the international judiciary.

European Union
Court of Justice - Proceedings of the Court of Justice
Texts of the proceedings of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities and the Civil Service Tribunal of the European Union from 1997 onwards.

International
A Digest of the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
This book contains a digest of highlights of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal For the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations Of International Humanitarian Law Committed In The Territory Of Rwanda. It provides ...

African International Courts and Tribunals
This website provides a centralized source for scholars, practitioners and laypersons on the work of African International courts. The African continent leads the way in innovations in international courts and tribunals, with the first hybrid court and the first referrals to ...

ESCR-Net Caselaw Database: A database of Economic, Social and Cultural related jurisprudence, cases and other decisions
The database makes Economic, Social and Cultural rights-related pleadings, commentary and decisions available to a wide audience of ESCR activists and defenders from a range of countries, legal traditions and languages (Spanish and English).

Hague Justice Portal: Domestic Case Law on International Crimes
A database of domestic jurisprudence relating to international criminal law, providing access to domestic case law that deals with international criminal law from countries all over the world.

ICTR Basic Documents and Case Law
Basic Documents and Case Law contains the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's basic documents and case law, as well as various United Nations documents on the Tribunal. The compilation covers the period 1995-2006 and supplements a CD-ROM collection.

International Court of Justice
The ICJ deals with disputes relating to maritime boundaries and fisheries jurisdiction. Information available for cases may include the judgment, written and oral pleadings, and orders.

International Courts & Tribunals Collection
A collection of judgments and decisions from a broad range of international courts and tribunals.

International Criminal Court
Home page of the International Criminal Court. Gives: overview of Court; latest news; access to the Official Journal of the International Criminal Court (created May 2004) & the ICC Newsletter (International Criminal Court Newsletter); contacts information; Court reports; ...

International Criminal Courts for the Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone : A Guide to Online and Print Resources
This guide focuses on online and print sources relating to the three International Criminal Courts: the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Compares key features of ...

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Established by the Security Council of the United Nations in 1994, the Tribunal is responsible for prosecuting the organizers and leaders of the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is a United Nations court of law dealing with war crimes that took place during the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990’s. Includes online database of the Tribunal's case documents and a Legal Library ...

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Established by the Security Council of the United Nations in 1993, the International Tribunal is responsible for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of International Humanitarian Law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991.

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg, Germany 1945-1949
Twenty-four major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany, indicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, were brought to trial before the International Military Tribunal. More than 100 additional defendants, representing many sectors of German ...

Permanent Court of Arbitration
The PCA was established by the Convention for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, concluded at the Hague in 1899 during the first Hague Peace Conference. The Conference was convened at the initiative of Czar Nicolas II of Russia "with the object of seeking the most ...

Permanent Court of Arbitration Documents
The Documents Web site of the Permanent Court of Arbitration on the Cornell University Law School Web site. Contains settlement of international disputes, optional rules for arbitration, conciliation rules.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
A permanent international criminal court established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1998 under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Statute came into force on 1 July 2002. However, in light of the establishment of the Permanent ...

The Special Court for Sierra Leone
The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up jointly by the Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations. It is mandated to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed in the ...

WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center
A database containing detailed information on thousands of cases of 'cybersquatting' handled by the Arbitration and Mediation Center of the World Intellectual Property Organisation. Search or browse options available.

Yugoslavia
International Criminal Courts for the Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone : A Guide to Online and Print Resources
This guide focuses on online and print sources relating to the three international criminal courts: the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Compares key features of ...

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Established by the Security Council of the United Nations in 1993, the International Tribunal is responsible for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of International Humanitarian Law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991.

Organisations
European Union
Europa - Gateway to the European Union
Europa provides up-to-date coverage of European Union affairs and essential information on European integration. Users can also consult all legislation currently in force or under discussion, access the websites of each of the EU institutions and find out about the policies ...

European Parliament
Official site for the European Parliament, containing information on all aspects of the functioning of the Parliament. Includes links to treaties and basic documents, and to full text of the Official Journals.

International
American Society of International Law
Based in Washington, D.C. Its purpose is to educate and engage the public in international law, and to expand the frontiers of international law as a vehicle for resolving disputes and international conflict.

Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law
Based at the Australian National University, Canberra. The aims of ANZSIL include supporting the teaching of international law and providing a forum for the discussion of research and practice in international law. The site has full text of proceedings of its Annual ...

Centre for International and Public Law
CIPL is part of the ANU College of Law at the Australian National University. Its primary focus is legal aspects of the international order and issues of public law, particularly the relationship between governments and individuals. It organises intensive teaching programs ...

Coalition for the International Criminal Court
The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC) is the primary NGO provider of online information about the International Criminal Court. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent international judicial body capable of trying individuals for ...

Department of Peace and Conflict Research (Uppsala University)
The Dept. was established in 1971 to conduct peace research and offer courses in peace and conflict studies. Undergraduate courses today focus more on conflict resolution and several Phd projects are run in this field. Some publications are available in electronic format via ...

Hague Conference on Private International Law
An intergovernmental organisation which negotiates and drafts multilateral treaties (conventions) in the area of private international law. The source shows the status and signatories of the treaties drawn up by the Hague Conference.

Hague Justice Portal
The portal is a gateway to information, news and research on the Hague organisations in the fields of international peace, justice and security. It improves access to the Hague courts, tribunals and organisations and encourages academic debate.

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
An independent intergovernmental organisation based in Rome. Its purpose is to study needs and methods for modernising, harmonising and co-ordinating private and in particular commercial law between States. It prepares modern and where appropriate harmonised rules of private ...

International Law Association
The official Web site of the International Law Association, based in London U.K.

International Law Commission
This site contains the body of work and information about the International Law commission. The members, organisational structure and programme and methods of work is also contained via links. There is also a research guide which is helpful in navigating the content of the ...

International Law Commission
The International Law Commission, established in 1947 by the United Nations General Assembly to promote the development and codification of international law, meets annually and prepares drafts on topics of international law. When a draft article is completed, the General ...

Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law
The Institute is concerned with all aspects of public international law, the law of international organisations, the international legal relations of the Federal Republic of Germany, constitutional and administrative law in other countries, and with comparative research in ...

Organization of American States
Official site of the OAS, a regional agency of the United Nations, comprising 35 countries of the Americas.

United Nations
This site provides information on the United Nations. The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: ...

United Nations Documentation Research Guide
This site provides comprehensive information on the courts and tribunals and principle bodies of the United Nations. There are also links to legal documentation and treaties.

United Nations International Law
Official UN Web site. Provides links to all UN Web sites containing legal information, including international courts and tribunals.

United Nations International Law
This site contains resources from the United Nations which are presented under the headings; United Nations Bodies, Thematic Issues and International Courts and Tribunerals. There are also links to current news issues and legal affairs.

Organisations - Government
Australia
Commonwealth
International issues
Information provided by Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade on global and regional security and other global issues, and has links to treaties and international organisations.

Office of International Law
The focal point within the Attorney-General's Department for providing advice and other services on international law. The Office has depth of knowledge, expertise and experience in international law including in the negotiation of international instruments and in the ...

Publications
Australia
Commonwealth
Australia and International Treaty Making Information Kit
Details Australia’s current priorities for treaty negotiations, including a Government policy statement about the relationship between treaties and the domestic law and a section on the various stages in the treaty making process. Concludes with a list of Internet addresses ...

European Union
Jean Monnet working papers
Fulltext access to currently published papers in European Union integration topics, with an archive back to 1995. Papers can be downloaded in pdf or rtf.

International
Statute of the International Court of Justice
Scroll to Article 38 for the basis of the definition of 'International Law'.

The Covenant of the League of Nations
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School includes the Covenant and many other documents in law, history and diplomacy.

United Nations Treaty Collection - Treaty Reference Guide
Definitions of the key terms used in the United Nations Treaty Collection to refer to international instruments binding at international law.

World Court Digest
A digest of views on questions of international law which are expressed in the judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the International Court of Justice, as well as in the separate opinions of individual judges, from 1986.

International resources
International
Avalon Project
The Avalon Project is a collection of digital documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy and Government.

Customary IHL
This database is the online version of the Study on customary international humanitarian law, conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and published by Cambridge University Press in 2005. It is divided in two parts. Part 1 - Rules offers a ...

EISIL – the Electronic Information System for International Law
EISIL provides access to the highest quality authenticated primary materials, authoritative web sites and helpful research guides to international law on the Internet.

International Law Library
The International Law Library contains over 80,000 searchable documents for free access. This includes over 25,000 decisions of International Courts and Tribunals, over 30,000 treaties and international agreements (including the League of Nations and UN Treaty Series), ...

United Nations AudioVisual Library of International Law - Research Library
The Audiovisual Library aims to provide free, scholarly resources to students and practictioners around the world, particularly in regions where there are few resources for the study of international law. The website has three main parts: The Historic Archives presents ...

United States
The Legal Research System for International Law in the U.S. Courts
Decisions about U.S. federal and state courts in relation to international law. A practical resource for members of the judiciary and other legal professionals to identify and understand how international law is interpreted and applied by U.S. courts at both the federal and ...

Other indexes/links
European Union
Jean Monnet Program
Under the Jean Monnet Project, the European Commission supports university initiatives aimed at teaching activities in European integration. Launched in 1990 at the specific request of the academic world, the Jean Monnet Project aims to promote teaching in European ...

International
ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
The American Society of International Law subject based guide to researching international law including treaties and human rights.

Conducting Research in Public International Law : an introduction to information sources
Links to information on international treaties, case law, documents and literature.

Constitutions, Treaties and Declarations
Lists major treaties, agreements, conventions and declarations as well as constitutions of countries of the world.

Cornell Law Library - International Law Resources
Provides links to foreign and international law sources.

FindLaw - International Law
Comprehensive legal portal providing links to international legal web resources.

Foreign and International Law
J W Long Law Library subject guide to international law.

GlobaLex
GlobaLex is an electronic legal publication, published by the Hauser Global Law School Program at New York University School of Law, dedicated to international and foreign law research, including country guides.

Guide to Foreign and International Legal Databases
New York University School of Law subject based guide to databases and Web sites dealing with international law.

International Constitutional Law
Provieds English translations of and other textual material related to constitutional documents. It cross-references those documents for quick comparison of constitutional provisions.

International Law (Hieros Gamos)
Deals with principal international documents, treaties and governmental agencies. The main practice areas related to private and public international law are trade, commercial, human rights, war & peace, intellectual property, and litigation.

Jurist
A legal education portal to legal instruction, information and scholarship online, including subject guides to international and comparative law. It includes legal news coverage and commentaries written by expert legal scholars, leading policy makers and key legal ...

Legal Research on International Law issues using the Internet
Subject guide to international law specialising in international trade law and human rights

Northwestern University Library
Government publications and maps, international and U.S resources, and international governmental organisations. Northwestern is a depository library for U.S. government, State of Illinois, United Nations, Organization of American States, European Union, and World Tourism ...

Project on International Courts and Tribunals
A joint undertaking of the Center on International Cooperation (CIC) (New York University), and the Centre for International Courts and Tribunals (University College London) to address the legal, institutional and financial issues arising from the multiplication of ...

United States
THOMAS : Legislative Information on the Internet
Maintained by the Library of Congress, provides a wide range of American legislative information and full text access to US treaties.

Educational
International
International Law Institute
The International Law Institute is an independent, not-for-profit organisation that offers training in finance, management, law and governance, with particular focus on helping to solve the legal, economic, and financial problems of developing countries. It offers programs ...

Journals
European Union
European journal of international law
A searchable electronic journal of international law with a European focus. Current developments in trials being held at the International Court of Justice, World Trade Organisation and other international courts are reported and discussed in full text. Other features ...

International
American Journal of International Law
Articles and editorials, notes and comments by preeminent scholars on developments in international law and international relations. Contains summaries and analyses of decisions by national and international courts and arbitral or other tribunals, and of contemporary US ...

Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal
A full text (pdf format), web-based, American legal journal dedicated to issues facing Asia and the Pacific Rim. Published by the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii.

ASIL Insights
ASIL Insights are brief, balanced updates on international law issues, designed to inform decision makers and the public of the relevance of international law to current events and produced by the American Society of International Law. Coverage from 1996.

Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law
First established by Duke University Law School in 1990. Full text available from 1997.

E Law
Refereed articles in all aspects of law, from 1993. Includes subject, author and title indexes.

East European Constitutional Review
The East European Constitutional Review (EECR) is an electronic journal which was published by the New York University School of Law between 1992 and 2003. The journal published scholarly articles on the legal and constitutional developments in postsocialist law and politics.

Emory International Law Review
Essays, articles, comments, book reviews, and recent developments in international law. Coverage 1995-1998, not recently updated.

Global Legal Monitor
The Global Legal Monitor is an online publication from the Law Library of Congress covering legal news and developments worldwide. It is updated frequently and draws on information from the Global Legal Information Network, official national legal publications, and reliable ...

International Law in Brief
A core electronic publication of The American Society of International Law, since 1998 and prepared by the editors of International Legal Materials, ILIB contains analytical abstracts of significant recent documents reflective of the broad, contemporary nature of ...

International Review of the Red Cross
Published by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) specialized in the field of international humanitarian law and humanitarian action and policy. The aim of the journal is to promote reflection, critical analysis and dialogue on humanitarian issues in armed ...

Melbourne Journal of International Law
The Melbourne Journal of International Law is a student-edited, peer reviewed academic journal with the aim of providing a forum facilitating scholarly research and discussion of international law issues, particularly those affecting the Asia-Pacific region.

New York University Journal of International Law and Politics
Features articles on public and private international law by leading scholars and practitioners, as well as notes, case comments, and book annotations. Full text from 1998.

Stanford Journal of International Law
Seeks to promote scholarship of the highest quality through timely, innovative, and important pieces on international and comparative legal topics. Subscription required for full text. Table of Contents from 1990.

Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
Covers public and private international law and offers discussion on a variety of comparative law topics. Subscription required for full text.

Web Journal of Current Legal Issues
Current legal issues in judicial decisions, law reform, legislation, legal research, policy related socio-legal research, legal information, information technology and practice. Full text from 1995.

Russian Federation
East European Constitutional Review
The East European Constitutional Review (EECR) is an electronic journal which was published by the New York University School of Law between 1992 and 2003. The journal published scholarly articles on the legal and constitutional developments in postsocialist law and politics ...

Policy and Research
International
EcoLex
An information service on environmental law, operated jointly by UNEP, IUCN and FAO. Includes bibliographic and analytical information on multilateral and bilateral treaties, European Union legal instruments, national legislation, and other non-binding policy and technical ...

International Boundaries Research Unit
IBRU, located at the University of Durham, works to enhance the resources available for the peaceful resolution of problems associated with international boundaries on land and at sea, including their delimitation, demarcation and management. The site includes a searchable ...

Lauterpacht Centre for International Law
A centre for the research and study of international law affiliated with the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. Includes an archive of selected lectures, seminar materials and annual reports, and lists publications. Contains the State Responsibility Project of ...

Treaties and Conventions
Australia
Australian treaties library
The Australian Treaties Library disseminates treaty information to the public in a freely accessible form through the Internet. It is a fully searchable, hypertext-linked resource that includes treaty texts, indexes, status lists, and explanatory material. It was developed ...

Commonwealth
Joint Standing Committee on Treaties
The Committee reviews and reports on all treaty actions proposed by the Government. This site provides information about the Committee and its reports.

European Union
Council of Europe - Treaty Office
The Council of Europe's offical treaty web site. Conventions and Agreements in the European Treaty Series (ETS) from 1949 - 2003 (ETS Nos 001 to 193). Series is continued by Council of Europe Treaty Series CETS 194 and following.

International
ASIL Electronic Resources Guide: Treaties
Provides information on the treaty making process and links to web sites with substantial full text content. Covers treaty web sites provided by the United Nations, individual nations, non-government organisations and international and regional organisations. There are also ...

Australian Treaties Database
"The Australian Treaties Database (ATD) is an on-line resource for researching treaties to which Australia is a signatory, or where Australia has taken other treaty action." Provided by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade this index provides useful summary ...

EISIL – the Electronic Information System for International Law
EISIL provides access to the highest quality authenticated primary materials, authoritative web sites and helpful research guides to international law on the Internet.

Flare index to treaties
The Index includes entries for all the treaties and conventions in force now concluded by or under the auspices of the: Council of Europe (CETS series) International Labour Organisation (ILO C series) Organisation of American States (OAS) And a selection concluded by or ...

International Humanitarian Law - Treaties & Documents
The International Humanitarian Law database contains treaties and other texts relating to war from 1856 to the present. It also includes the Commentaries on the four Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols of 1977. The database records the current situation ...

International Treaties Library
Search page and links for international law materials and treaties on WorldLII.

Multilaterals Project
The Multilaterals Project makes available the texts of international multilateral conventions and other instruments. The collection includes treaties in the fields of environmental law, human rights, commerce and trade, laws of war and arms control, and other areas.

South Africa
South African Cyber Treaty Series
Aims to provide a list of multilateral treaties South Africa has entered into, with, where possible, links to full text versions, as well as to ratification information.

United Kingdom
UK Treaties Online
UK Treaties Online provides access to the details of over 14,000 treaties involving the United Kingdom. The database includes links to the text of Command Papers published in the Treaty Series from 1892 to 1996.

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